1919 Afghan Coup d'État

The 1919 Afghan coup d'état was a military and political overthrow staged by Amanullah Khan against his uncle, Nasrullah Khan.^[1]EnglishThe 1919 Afghan coup d'état was a military and political overthrow staged by Amanullah Khan against his uncle, Nasrullah Khan.پښتود افغانستان د ۱۹۱۹ کال کودتا یوه پوځي او سیاسي کودتا وه چې د امان الله خان لخوا د خپل تره، نصرالله خان پر ضد جوړه شوې وه.دریکودتای ۱۹۱۹ افغان یک کودتای نظامی و سیاسی بود که توسط امان الله خان علیه عموی خود، نصرالله خان، انجام شد. Mahmud Tarzi, Fazl Muhammad Mojaddedi, and Akhundzada Hamidullah Safi were also involved in the events surrounding the coup.^[1]

Background

The former Emir of Afghanistan, Habibullah Khan, appointed his son Amanullah Khan as regent in Kabul before departing for his winter quarters in the city of Jalalabad in January 1919.^[1] On the evening of 20 February 1919, an unknown assassin successfully evaded the Emir's bodyguards and shot Habibullah Khan through the ear at close range while he was asleep in his tent.^[1]EnglishOn the evening of 20 February 1919, an unknown assassin successfully evaded the Emir's bodyguards and shot Habibullah Khan through the ear at close range while he was asleep in his tent.پښتود ۱۹۱۹ کال د فبرورۍ د ۲۰مې په ماښام، یو نامعلوم قاتل په بریالیتوب سره د امیر د ساتونکو څخه تیښته وکړه او حبیب الله خان ته یې په غوږ کې په نږدې فاصله کې ډزې وکړې پداسې حال کې چې هغه په خپل خیمه کې خوب کوه.دریدر عصر ۲۰ فبروری ۱۹۱۹ یک قاتل نامعلوم با موفقیت از محافظین امیر فرار کرد و حبیب الله خان را در حالی که در چادر خوابیده بود از نزدیک به گوشش شلیک کرد. The Emir's body was transported to Jalalabad for burial.^[1]EnglishThe Emir's body was transported to Jalalabad for burial.پښتود امیر مړی د ښخولو لپاره جلال اباد ته انتقال شو.دریجسد امیر برای دفن به جلال آباد منتقل شد.

The Coup

Following the death of Habibullah Khan, Sayid Naqib Gailani, the Hazrat of Char Bagh, proclaimed Nasrullah Khan as Emir.^[1] This declaration was supported by Commander-in-Chief Muhammad Nadir Khan.^[1]EnglishThis declaration was supported by Commander-in-Chief Muhammad Nadir Khan.پښتودا اعلامیه د لوی درستیز محمد نادر خان لخوا ملاتړ شوې وه.دریاین اعلامیه توسط فرمانده اعظم محمد نادر خان تائید شد. Amanullah Khan, who led the Young Afghans, moved to seize power from his uncle.^[1]EnglishAmanullah Khan, who led the Young Afghans, moved to seize power from his uncle.پښتوامان الله خان، چې د ځوانو افغانانو مشري یې کوله، هڅه یې کوله چې له خپل تره څخه واک واخلي.دریامان الله خان، که افغان های جوان را رهبری می کرد، برای گرفتن قدرت از عموی خود حرکت کرد. The coup was successful on 28 February 1919.^[1]EnglishThe coup was successful on 28 February 1919.پښتوکودتا د ۱۹۱۹ کال د فبرورۍ په ۲۸ نېټه بریالۍ شوه.دریکودتا در ۲۸ فبروری ۱۹۱۹ موفقیت آمیز بود. This political shift facilitated the signing of the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919. Afghanistan invaded British India during the conflict.^[10] The treaty was signed in Rawalpindi on August 8, 1919.^[2] The treaty concluded the Third Anglo-Afghan War and led to the United Kingdom recognizing the right of the Emirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs.^[3]EnglishThe treaty concluded the Third Anglo-Afghan War and led to the United Kingdom recognizing the right of the Emirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs.پښتودغه تړون په کال Third Anglo-Afghan War کې لاسلیک شو او د برتانیا د دې لامل شو چې د افغانستان د امارت حق وپېژني چې خپل بهرني چارې اداره کړي.دریاین معاهده در سال Third Anglo-Afghan War به پایان رسید و منجر به این شد که انگلستان حق امارت افغانستان را برای مدیریت امور خارجی خود به رسمیت بشناسد. In exchange, Afghanistan recognized the Durand Line as the border with British India.^[11]EnglishIn exchange, Afghanistan recognized the Durand Line as the border with British India.پښتوپه بدل کې، افغانستان ډيورنډ کرښه د برتانوي هند سره د پولې په توګه وپیژندله.دریدر عوض، افغانستان مرز خط دوراند را به عنوان مرز با هند بریتانیایی به رسمیت شناخت. These developments diplomatically secured Afghan independence and the relinquishment of its de-jure status as a British protected-state.^[4]^[5]EnglishThese developments diplomatically secured Afghan independence and the relinquishment of its de-jure status as a British protected-state.پښتودې پرمختګونو په ډیپلوماټیکه توګه د افغانستان خپلواکي او د انګلیسي ساتل شوي دولت په توګه د دې د قانون حیثیت پریښودل خوندي کړل.دریاین پیشرفت ها به طور دیپلماتیک استقلال افغانستان و دست کشیدن از وضعیت قانونی آن به عنوان یک کشور تحت حمایت بریتانیایی را تضمین کرد. On 27 May 1919, British forces stormed the Afghan fortress of Spin Baldak in southern Baluchistan.^[7]^[12]

Imprisonment of Nasrullah Khan

As a result of the successful coup, Nasrullah Khan was taken prisoner.^[1] Several other coup d'etats occurred in Afghanistan following its modern foundation in 1919.^[8] One such event in 1929 involved the assassination of Habibullah Kalakani by the forces of Muhammad Nadir Shah.^[8]

Amanullah Khan's ascension as Emir

Upon the victory of the coup, Amanullah Khan ascended to the throne as Emir.^[1]

Impact on Afghan sovereignty

This era was defined by Amanullah Khan's modernization campaigns, which included administrative, political, and cultural reforms.^[4]^[6] His reign also incorporated reforms in education and literature.^[6]EnglishHis reign also incorporated reforms in education and literature.پښتود هغه په واکمنۍ کې په تعلیم او ادبیاتو کې هم اصلاحات شامل دي.دریحکومت او همچنان اصلاحات در آموزش و ادبیات را شامل می شد. The events of 1919 are commemorated annually as Afghan Independence Day on 19 August to mark the relinquishment from British influence.^[4]^[13]EnglishThe events of 1919 are commemorated annually as Afghan Independence Day on 19 August to mark the relinquishment from British influence.پښتود ۱۹۱۹ کال پیښې هر کال د اګست په ۱۹ مه د افغانستان د خپلواکۍ د ورځې په توګه لمانځل کیږي چې د برتانیا د نفوذ څخه د وتلو نښه کوي.دریوقایع سال ۱۹۱۹ سالانه به عنوان روز استقلال افغانستان در ۱۹ اگست برای نشان دادن تسلیم شدن از نفوذ بریتانیایی جشن گرفته می شود. To commemorate this independence, the Paghman victory arch, known as Taq-e Zafar, was built in 1928.^[4]^[14]EnglishTo commemorate this independence, the Paghman victory arch, known as Taq-e Zafar, was built in 1928.پښتود دې خپلواکۍ د لمانځلو لپاره، د پګمان د بریا آرک، چې د تق ظفر په نوم پیژندل شوی، په ۱۹۲۸ کې جوړ شوی و.دریبرای تجلیل از این استقلال، قوس پیروزی پگهمان، که به عنوان تق-ی ظفر شناخته می شود، در سال ۱۹۲۸ ساخته شد. Afghanistan joined the League of Nations in 1919.^[9] The country remained neutral until 1973.^[9]