Geography

The physical land of Afghanistan: the Hindu Kush and its ranges, rivers and valleys, deserts and passes, climate, and natural resources.

• Amu DaryaA major river of Central Asia flowing through Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
• Bolan PassA strategic mountain pass in Balochistan serving as a gateway between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent.
• Glaciers of the Hindu KushThe high-altitude ice masses of the Hindu Kush range, serving as vital freshwater reservoirs and primary sources for regional rivers.
• Hamun LakeA seasonal wetland and lake system in the Sistan Basin on the Afghanistan–Iran border.
• HazarajatThe mountainous central highland region and ancestral homeland of the Hazara people.
• Helmand RiverThe longest river in Afghanistan, originating in the Hindu Kush and providing critical irrigation for the desert regions of the south.
• Hindu Kushthe great range of Afghanistan — passes, peaks, and a contested name
• Kabul RiverA major river in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan that flows into the Indus.
• KhorasanA vast historical region spanning parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
• Khyber PassA strategic mountain pass connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan
• Kunar RiverA major river in eastern Afghanistan that flows from the Hindu Kush mountains into the Kabul River.
• Lapis Lazuli CorridorA multimodal trade and transport route connecting Afghanistan to Europe via Central Asia and the Caucasus.
• Logar RiverA river in central Afghanistan that gives its name to the Logar Province.
• North-West FrontierA strategic border region of the British Indian Empire separating modern-day Pakistan from Afghanistan.
• NoshaqAfghanistan's highest peak — 7,492 metres on the Durand Line
• Panj-Amu River BasinThe third-largest river basin in Afghanistan, vital for irrigation and regional water resources.
• Panjshir ValleyA narrow, mountainous valley in northeastern Afghanistan known for its strategic importance and history of resistance.
• Peshawar ValleyA broad valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, historically known as the Gandhara Valley.
• Salang PassA high mountain pass in the Hindu Kush connecting central Afghanistan to the northern provinces.
• Salang TunnelSoviet-built crossing of the Hindu Kush, the strategic lifeline of Afghanistan
• SistanA historical and geographical region in the southwestern borderlands of Afghanistan.
• Spin Ghar RangeA mountain range in eastern Afghanistan forming a natural border with Pakistan.
• Wakhan CorridorAfghanistan's narrow appendage to China, shaped by the Great Game
• Water Resources of AfghanistanThe diverse and often scarce water systems, including major river basins, groundwater, and glacial melt, that sustain Afghanistan's agrarian economy.