Encyclopædia Afghanicaانسیکلوپدیا افغانیکا

History · Geography · People · Culture · Places · LanguagesTimelineGenealogiesDictionaryLibrary

Timur Tamerlane

Timur (also known as Tamerlane) was a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Dynasty.[1][2][3]EnglishTimur (also known as Tamerlane) was a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid Dynasty.پښتوتیمور (د تامرلان په نوم هم پیژندل شوی) د ترکي - منګول فاتح او د توريد دودمان بنسټ ایښودونکی و.دریتیمور (همچنین به نام تامرلان شناخته می شود) یک فاتح ترک و مغول و بنیانگذار سلطنت سلسله تیموری ها بود. He ruled the Timurid Empire from 1370 to 1405.[1][4]EnglishHe ruled the Timurid Empire from 1370 to 1405.پښتوهغه د ۱۳۷۰ څخه تر ۱۴۰۵ پورې د توريد دودمان واکمن و.دریاو از سال ۱۳۷۰ تا ۱۴۰۵ بر سلسله تیموری ها حکومت کرد. Timur is widely regarded as one of history's greatest military leaders and strategists.[1][5]EnglishTimur is widely regarded as one of history's greatest military leaders and strategists.پښتوتیمور په پراخه کچه د تاریخ یو له غوره پوځي مشرانو او ستراتیژیستانو څخه ګڼل کیږي.دریتیمور به طور گسترده به عنوان یکی از بزرگ ترین رهبران نظامی و استراتژیست های تاریخ شناخته می شود. He is also known as one of history's most brutal and deadly conquerors.[1][6]EnglishHe is also known as one of history's most brutal and deadly conquerors.پښتوهغه د تاریخ یو له خورا وحشي او وژونکي فاتحینو په توګه هم پیژندل کیږي.دریاو همچنین به عنوان یکی از ظالمانه ترین و کشنده ترین فاتحان تاریخ شناخته شده است. His military campaigns resulted in the deaths of millions of people.[1][7]EnglishHis military campaigns resulted in the deaths of millions of people.پښتود هغه د پوځي کمپاینونو په پایله کې په میلیونونو خلک ووژل شول.دریجنگ های نظامی او منجر به مرگ میلیون ها انسان شد.

Early life and rise to power

Timur was born in the 1320s near Kesh in the Chagatai Khanate in Transoxiana (modern-day Uzbekistan).[1][8][9]EnglishTimur was born in the 1320s near Kesh in the Chagatai Khanate in Transoxiana (modern-day Uzbekistan).پښتوتیمور په ۱۳۲۰ لسیزه کې په چګتای خانت کې په توريد دودمان کې (ننني ازبکستان) کې کیش ته نږدې زیږیدلی و.دریتیمور در دهه ۱۳۲۰ در نزدیکی کیش در سال خانیت چگاتای در سال سلسله تیموری ها (ازبکستان امروزی) متولد شد. He was born into a family of the Barlas tribe, a Turkicized Mongol confederation.[1][3][4]EnglishHe was born into a family of the Barlas tribe, a Turkicized Mongol confederation.پښتوهغه د بارلاس قبیلې په کورنۍ کې زیږیدلی و، د ترکي منګول کنفدراسیون.دریاو در یک خانواده قبیله بارلاس، یک کنفدراسیون مغول ترک شده متولد شد. His father was Amir Taraghai, a warrior of the Barlas.[1][4]EnglishHis father was Amir Taraghai, a warrior of the Barlas.پښتود هغه پلار امير طارقايي و، چې د برلا يو جنګيالی و.دریپدرش امیر تاراجی بود، یک جنگجوی بارلاس. Timur spoke several languages, including Chagatai, Classical Mongolian, and New Persian.[1][10]EnglishTimur spoke several languages, including Chagatai, Classical Mongolian, and New Persian.پښتوتیمور په څو ژبو خبرې کولې، پشمول د چګټای، کلاسیک منګولي، او ډاري.دریتیمور چندین زبان صحبت می کرد، از جمله چگاتایی، منگولی کلاسیک، و دریایی ها.

Timur gained early proficiency in horsemanship and archery.[4]EnglishTimur gained early proficiency in horsemanship and archery.پښتوتیمور ډیر ژر د سپرلۍ او تیر وهنې مهارت ترلاسه کړ.دریتیمور خیلی زود در اسب سواری و تیراندازی با کمان مهارت پیدا کرد. In 1360, a figure named Tulugh Timur led a military expedition into Transoxiana.[4]EnglishIn 1360, a figure named Tulugh Timur led a military expedition into Transoxiana.پښتوپه ۱۳۶۰ کې، د تولو تيمور په نوم يو شخصيت په توريد دودمان کې پوځي سفر وکړ.دریدر سال ۱۳۶۰، شخصیتی به نام تولوگ تیمور یک سفر نظامی به سلسله تیموری ها را رهبری کرد. The Barlas tribe was tasked with defending their city against this attacker, and the responsibility was given to the 25-year-old Timur.[4]EnglishThe Barlas tribe was tasked with defending their city against this attacker, and the responsibility was given to the 25-year-old Timur.پښتود بارلاس قبیله د دې برید کونکي پروړاندې د دوی د ښار دفاع کولو لپاره ګمارل شوې وه، او مسؤلیت یې ۲۵ کلن تیمور ته ورکړل شوی و.دریقبیله بارلاس وظیفه دفاع از شهر خود را در برابر این مهاجم داشتند و این مسئولیت به تیمور ۲۵ ساله داده شد. In 1370, Timur seized Balkh in Afghanistan by defeating Amir Husayn.[4]EnglishIn 1370, Timur seized Balkh in Afghanistan by defeating Amir Husayn.پښتوپه ۱۳۷۰ کې، تیمور د امیر حسین په ماتولو سره په افغانستان کې بلخ ونیو.دریدر سال ۱۳۷۰، تیمور با شکست دادن امیر حسین، بلخ را در افغانستان تصرف کرد. Following this victory, he declared himself "Sahib-e-Qiran" and established an independent government.[4]EnglishFollowing this victory, he declared himself "Sahib-e-Qiran" and established an independent government.پښتود دې بریا وروسته، هغه ځان "صاحب - قران" اعلان کړ او خپلواک حکومت یې تاسیس کړ.دریبعد از این پیروزی، او خود را "صاحب قیران" اعلام کرد و یک دولت مستقل را تاسیس کرد.

Conquests and the Timurid Empire

Between 1370 and 1375, he campaigned against the rulers of Khwarazm five times.[4]EnglishBetween 1370 and 1375, he campaigned against the rulers of Khwarazm five times.پښتود ۱۳۷۰ او ۱۳۷۵ کلونو ترمنځ، هغه پنځه ځله د خوارزم د واکمنانو پر ضد کمپاینونه وکړل.دریبین سال های ۱۳۷۰ تا ۱۳۷۵، او پنج بار علیه حاکمان خوارزم حمله کرد. He eventually conquered Khwarazm in the tenth year of his reign and destroyed it.[4]EnglishHe eventually conquered Khwarazm in the tenth year of his reign and destroyed it.پښتوهغه په پای کې د خپل واکمنۍ په لسم کال کې خوارزم فتح کړ او ویجاړ یې کړ.دریاو در نهایت در سال دهم حکومت خود خوارزم را فتح کرد و آن را ویران کرد.

His conquests expanded into Khorasan, Iran, and parts of the Ottoman Empire and India.[4]EnglishHis conquests expanded into Khorasan, Iran, and parts of the Ottoman Empire and India.پښتود هغه فتوحات خراسان، ایران، او د عثماني امپراتورۍ او هند برخو ته پراخه شوي.دریفتوحات او به خراسان، ایران و بخش هایی از امپراطوری عثمانی و هند گسترش یافت. He took control of the Golden Horde and the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria.[1]EnglishHe took control of the Golden Horde and the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria.پښتوهغه په مصر او شام کې د زرین هورډ او د مملوک سلطانیت کنټرول واخیست.دریاو کنترول هورد طلایی و سلطانیت مملوک ها در مصر و سوریه را به دست گرفت. He also defeated the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.[1]EnglishHe also defeated the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.پښتوهغه په هندي برصغیر کې د ډیلي سلطانیت هم مات کړ.دریاو همچنان سلطنت دهلی را در شبه قاره هند شکست داد.

Timur's expansion included several specific campaigns:

Rule of Balkh and Transoxiana

He made the city the capital of the Timurid Empire during his reign from 1370 to 1405.[8]

Timur sought to revive the legacy of Genghis Khan and viewed himself as the restorer of the Mongol Empire.[1] He shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side.[1][10] He styled himself a ghazi, or religious warrior.[1]

Cultural achievements and the Timurid Renaissance

Timur was a patron of religion and the arts.[1] He interacted with prominent scholars and poets, including Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru.[1] His reign initiated the Timurid Renaissance.[1]

During the reign of his successor, Shahrukh Mirza, the empire saw significant progress in astronomy and mathematics.[4][11]EnglishDuring the reign of his successor, Shahrukh Mirza, the empire saw significant progress in astronomy and mathematics.پښتوهغه د ۱۳۷۰ څخه تر ۱۴۰۵ پورې د خپلې واکمنۍ په جریان کې ښار د توريد دودمان پلازمینه جوړ کړ.دریاو این شهر را پایتخت سلسله تیموری ها در زمان حکومت خود از ۱۳۷۰ تا ۱۴۰۵ ساخت. Timur was also associated with the patronage of Islam.[1]EnglishTimur was also associated with the patronage of Islam.پښتوتیمور غوښتل چې د چنګیز خان میراث بیا را ژوندی کړي او ځان یې د منګول امپراتورۍ د بیا رغونې په توګه ولید.دریتیمور به دنبال زنده کردن میراث چنگیز خان بود و خود را بحیث بازسازی کننده امپراطوری مغول می دید.

Legacy and successors

The Timurid Empire fragmented shortly after Timur's death in 1405.[1]EnglishThe Timurid Empire fragmented shortly after Timur's death in 1405.پښتوهغه د خپل پلار له لوري د چنګیز خان سره یو ګډ پلار شریک کړ.دریاو یک نیاکان مشترک با جنگیز خان از طرف پدرش داشت. His empire set the stage for the rise of the organized gunpowder empires of the 16th and 17th centuries.[1]EnglishHis empire set the stage for the rise of the organized gunpowder empires of the 16th and 17th centuries.پښتوهغه ځان غازي یا مذهبي جنګیالی وباله.دریاو خود را یک غازی یا یک جنگجوی مذهبی نامید.

His descendants continued to rule various parts of Iran and Central Asia until the late 15th century.[4]EnglishHis descendants continued to rule various parts of Iran and Central Asia until the late 15th century.پښتوتیمور د مذهب او هنرونو ملاتړی و.دریتیمور حامی دین و هنر بود. The Timurid dynasty eventually moved to India, where they founded the Mughal Empire.[1][4]EnglishThe Timurid dynasty eventually moved to India, where they founded the Mughal Empire.پښتوهغه د نامتو پوهانو او شاعرانو سره اړیکه ونیوله، پشمول د ابن خلدون، حافظ، او حافظ ابرو.دریاو با دانشمندان و شاعران برجسته از جمله ابن خلدون، حافظ و حافظ ابرو تعامل داشت. Timur's grandson, Ulugh Beg, was a renowned sultan, astronomer, and mathematician.[1][12]EnglishTimur's grandson, Ulugh Beg, was a renowned sultan, astronomer, and mathematician.پښتود هغه واکمنۍ د توريد دودمان پیل وکړ.دریحکومت او آغاز کننده سال سلسله تیموری ها بود. Timur was the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire.[1]

Sources

  1. Timur - Wikipedia
  2. Timur: The Brutal Conqueror of Central Asia - World History Encyclopedia
  3. امیر تیمور گورکان و افغانستان (تیموریان ۱۳۶۹ – ۱۵۱۴ میلادی) | واسع ویب
  4. امپراتوری تیموری - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
  5. Tamerlane - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  6. Timur | Biography, Conquests, Empire, & Facts | Britannica
  7. تاریخ امیر تیمور کورکانی · BiNA · BINA
  8. Map of Timur’s Empire and Campaigns, 1370–1405: The rise and the expansion of Tamerlane across Eurasia - World History Encyclo....
  9. Tamerlane: The Ruthless Conqueror Who Shaped Central Asia with Blood ...
  10. تيمورلنك - ويكيبيديا
  11. Timurid Empire - Wikipedia
  12. Ulugh Beg - 1449) - Biography - MacTutor History of Mathematics